Makan Bergizi di PAUD: Systematic Literature Review tentang Gizi, Pedagogi, dan Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menelaah bukti program makan sekolah dan merumuskan implikasinya bagi pelaksanaan Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) di PAUD Indonesia sebagai praktik pedagogis keseharian. Artikel ini menggunakan systematic literature review dengan sintesis naratif-tematik mengikuti PRISMA 2020. Penelusuran dilakukan pada Scopus, PubMed, ERIC, Google Scholar, Garuda, dan dokumen kebijakan untuk publikasi 2018-2026, disertai rujukan historis dan metodologis yang relevan. Dari 428 catatan awal, 32 dokumen utama dan 16 rujukan pendukung dianalisis. Hasil penelitian menemukan empat tema dominan: (1) kehadiran, partisipasi makan, kualitas diet, dan food security; (2) kesiapan belajar, atensi, serta beberapa luaran kognitif-akademik; (3) kemandirian, regulasi diri, sosial-emosional, karakter, dan literasi gizi; serta (4) prasyarat mutu berupa menu sesuai usia, keamanan pangan, ketepatan waktu, pendampingan guru, dan komunikasi keluarga. Dampak MBG tidak otomatis muncul sebagai akibat distribusi makanan, tetapi bergantung pada mutu implementasi dan cara guru memaknai makan bersama sebagai pengalaman belajar. Kebaruan artikel ini terletak pada pembacaan MBG sebagai everyday pedagogy yang menghubungkan gizi, relasi, karakter, dan perkembangan anak usia dini.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
W. H. Organization, “Nurturing care for early childhood development: A framework for helping children survive and thrive to transform health and human potential: executive summary.” World Health Organization, 7 Juni 2018. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://www.who.int/teams/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-health-and-ageing/child-health/nurturing-care
M. M. Black et al., “Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life course,” Lancet, vol. 389, no. 10064, hal. 77–90, Jan 2017, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31389-7.
P. R. Britto et al., “Nurturing care: promoting early childhood development,” Lancet, vol. 389, no. 10064, hal. 91–102, Jan 2017, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31390-3.
A. Dabrowski, Y. Nietschke, S. K. Ahmed, M. Hsien, D. Cloney, dan T. Friedman, Systematic review of early childhood and pre-primary education. GEM Report UNESCO, 2026. doi: 10.54676/GEFR8396.
J. A. Omand et al., “Nutritional Risk in Early Childhood and School Readiness,” J. Nutr., vol. 151, no. 12, hal. 3811–3819, Des 2021, doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab307.
M. L. Anderson, J. Gallagher, dan E. Ramirez Ritchie, “School meal quality and academic performance,” J. Public Econ., vol. 168, hal. 81–93, Des 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2018.09.013.
J. F. W. Cohen, A. A. Hecht, G. M. McLoughlin, L. Turner, dan M. B. Schwartz, “Universal School Meals and Associations with Student Participation, Attendance, Academic Performance, Diet Quality, Food Security, and Body Mass Index: A Systematic Review,” Nutrients, vol. 13, no. 3, hal. 911, Mar 2021, doi: 10.3390/nu13030911.
A. Locke, M. James, H. Jones, R. Davies, F. Williams, dan S. Brophy, “Impacts of Global School Feeding Programmes on Children’s Health and Wellbeing Outcomes: A Scoping Review,” BMJ Open, vol. 15, no. 10, hal. e093244, Okt 2025, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-093244.
M. K. Spill et al., “Universal Free School Meals and School and Student Outcomes,” JAMA Netw. Open, vol. 7, no. 8, hal. e2424082, Agu 2024, doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.24082.
D. Wang, S. Shinde, T. Young, dan W. W. Fawzi, “Impacts of school feeding on educational and health outcomes of school-age children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” J. Glob. Health, vol. 11, hal. 04051, Sep 2021, doi: 10.7189/jogh.11.04051.
B. K. P. Kesehatan, “SSGI 2024: Prevalensi stunting nasional turun menjadi 19,8%.” Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 3 Juli 2025. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://www.badankebijakan.kemkes.go.id/en/ssgi-2024-prevalensi-stunting-nasional-turun-menjadi-198/
B. G. Nasional, “Keputusan Kepala Badan Gizi Nasional Republik Indonesia Nomor 401.1 Tahun 2025.” 3 Juli 2025. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://www.bgn.go.id/juknis/lB1PKg-petunjuk-teknis-tata-kelola-penyelenggaraan-program-makan-bergizi-gratis
M. D. H. Rahiem, “Early childhood education contingencies for sustaining learning during school closures: Lessons from preschool remote education home visits in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic,” Child. Youth Serv. Rev., vol. 166, hal. 107955, Nov 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2024.107955.
M. D. H. Rahiem dan A. Novi, “Home Visit Sebagai Metode Pembelajaran Anak Usia Dini Pada Masa COVID-19,” As-Sibyan J. Pendidik. Anak Usia Dini, vol. 7, no. 1, hal. 83, Mar 2022, doi: 10.32678/as-sibyan.v7i1.5710.
D. I. Yeni, H. Wulandari, dan E. Hadiati, “Pelaksanaan Program Pemberian Makanan Sehat Anak Usia Dini : Studi Evaluasi Program CIPP,” Murhum J. Pendidik. Anak Usia Dini, vol. 9, no. 1, hal. 1–15, Okt 2020, doi: 10.37985/murhum.v1i2.9.
S. Umaroh, “Peran Program Makan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) dalam Mendukung Pembelajaran dan Pembentukan Kebiasaan Makan Sehat Anak Usia Dini,” Murhum J. Pendidik. Anak Usia Dini, vol. 7, no. 1, hal. 1283–1296, 2026, doi: 10.37985/murhum.v7i1.2101.
D. Anisa Prahesti, B. Budi Wiyono, dan H. Hardika, “Pengelolaan Program Pemberian Makanan Bergizi pada Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini,” Murhum J. Pendidik. Anak Usia Dini, vol. 6, no. 2, hal. 1271–1282, Des 2025, doi: 10.37985/murhum.v6i2.1651.
M. Roberts, T. Tolar-Peterson, A. Reynolds, C. Wall, N. Reeder, dan G. Rico Mendez, “The Effects of Nutritional Interventions on the Cognitive Development of Preschool-Age Children: A Systematic Review,” Nutrients, vol. 14, no. 3, hal. 532, Jan 2022, doi: 10.3390/nu14030532.
B. G. Nasional, “Makan Bergizi Gratis dan tata kelola pemenuhan gizi nasional.” Badan Gizi Nasional, 7 Juni 2026. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://bgn.go.id/juknis/lB1PKg-petunjuk-teknis-tata-kelola-penyelenggaraan-program-makan-bergizi-gratis
W. F. Programme, “State of School Feeding Worldwide 2024.” World Food Programme, 7 Juni 2024. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://publications.wfp.org/2024/state-of-school-feeding/
W. F. Programme, “State of School Feeding Worldwide 2025.” World Food Programme, 7 Juni 2025. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://media.un.org/unifeed/en/asset/d344/d3446034
S. M. Coalition, “School Meals Programmes and Systems: Global Evidence and Policy Lessons.” 7 Juni 2023. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://schoolmealscoalition.org/global-summit-2023
G. C. N. Foundation, “School Meal Programs Around the World: Results from the 2024 Global Survey.” 5 Juli 2024. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://gcnf.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/GCNF-Global-Survey-Report-2024-V1.8.pdf
A. M. Campbell, “An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives,” Forensic Sci. Int. Reports, vol. 2, hal. 100089, Des 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089.
C. Zapata dan S. Caicedo-Muñoz, “Evaluación de la implementación del Programa de Alimentación Escolar en Cali. El PAE al tablero,” Cuad. Adm., vol. 40, no. 78, hal. e2512837, Mar 2024, doi: 10.25100/cdea.v40i78.12837.
M. W. Rothbart, A. E. Schwartz, dan E. Gutierrez, “Paying for Free Lunch: The Impact of CEP Universal Free Meals on Revenues, Spending, and Student Health,” Educ. Financ. Policy, vol. 18, no. 4, hal. 708–737, Sep 2023, doi: 10.1162/edfp_a_00380.
S. Sankalaite et al., “Strengthening Executive Function and Self-Regulation Through Teacher-Student Interaction in Preschool and Primary School Children: A Systematic Review,” Front. Psychol., vol. 12, Agu 2021, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.718262.
A. E. Schwartz dan M. W. Rothbart, “Let Them Eat Lunch: The Impact of Universal Free Meals on Student Performance,” J. Policy Anal. Manag., vol. 39, no. 2, hal. 376–410, Mar 2020, doi: 10.1002/pam.22175.
E. A. Kristjansson et al., “Costs, and cost-outcome of school feeding programmes and feeding programmes for young children. Evidence and recommendations,” Int. J. Educ. Dev., vol. 48, hal. 79–83, Mei 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.11.011.
W. F. Programme, “State of School Feeding Worldwide 2022.” 7 Juni 2023. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/4011743?v=pdf
M. Akisawa dan M. Kimura, Eating the shokuiku way: The Japanese guide to raising kids with healthy food habits. London, U.K.: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2022. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://www.bloomsbury.com/ca/eating-the-shokuiku-way-9781538166543/
L. J. Damschroder, C. M. Reardon, M. A. O. Widerquist, dan J. Lowery, “The updated Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research based on user feedback,” Implement. Sci., vol. 17, no. 1, hal. 75, Okt 2022, doi: 10.1186/s13012-022-01245-0.
H. Pinnock et al., “Standards for Reporting Implementation Studies (StaRI) Statement,” BMJ, hal. i6795, Mar 2017, doi: 10.1136/bmj.i6795.
K. Skivington et al., “A new framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions: update of Medical Research Council guidance,” BMJ, hal. n2061, Sep 2021, doi: 10.1136/bmj.n2061.
MEXT, “School Lunch Program in Japan.” 7 Juni 2026. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://www.nier.go.jp/English/educationjapan/pdf/201303SLP.pdf
S. Di Prima, D. Nguyen Dinh, D. D. Reurings, E. P. Wright, D. Essink, dan J. E. W. Broerse, “Home-Grown School Feeding: Implementation Lessons From a Pilot in a Poor Ethnic Minority Community in Vietnam,” Food Nutr. Bull., vol. 43, no. 3, hal. 271–302, Sep 2022, doi: 10.1177/03795721221088962.
F. and A. Organization, “Home-Grown School Feeding Resource Framework.” 7 Juni 2018. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b1c248bf-c8e1-4969-acce-8020cbe4b2d1/content
E. D. Miro, J. L. Martin, L. Lopez, J. Sescon, C. Oracion, dan J. Loanzon, “A Supply Chain Profile of a School-based Feeding Program using the Centralized Kitchen Model,” Int. J. Technol., vol. 9, no. 7, hal. 1394, Des 2018, doi: 10.14716/ijtech.v9i7.2073.
D. Adeyanju, M. Amare, K. Andam, T. Bamiwuye, A. Gelli, dan I. Idowu, “Challenges and opportunities in Nigeria’s home-grown school feeding program: Toward a more efficient and sustainable model,” IFPRI Discussion Paper 2290. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2024. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://cgspace.cgiar.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7022a5fd-0242-41a1-b307-1f844eb4bcd4/content
P. Modjadji, D. Molokwane, dan P. O. Ukegbu, “Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in North West Province, South Africa: A Cross Sectional Study,” Children, vol. 7, no. 10, hal. 174, Okt 2020, doi: 10.3390/children7100174.
Q. N. Hong et al., “The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers,” Educ. Inf., vol. 34, no. 4, hal. 285–291, Des 2018, doi: 10.3233/EFI-180221.
R. Micha et al., “Effectiveness of school food environment policies on children’s dietary behaviors: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 3, hal. e0194555, Mar 2018, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194555.
H. Alderman, D. Bundy, dan A. Gelli, “School Meals Are Evolving: Has the Evidence Kept Up?,” World Bank Res. Obs., vol. 39, no. 2, hal. 159–176, Jul 2024, doi: 10.1093/wbro/lkad012.
D. Bundy dan E. Al., “Re-imagining school feeding: A high-return investment in human capital and local economies.” World Food Programme/World Bank, 2018. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://www.wfp.org/publications/re-imagining-school-feeding-high-return-investment-human-capital-local-economies
M. J. Page et al., “The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews,” BMJ, vol. 372, hal. n71, Mar 2021, doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.
M. Campbell et al., “Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline,” BMJ, hal. l6890, Jan 2020, doi: 10.1136/bmj.l6890.
C. Carmona, S. Baxter, dan C. Carroll, “Systematic review of the methodological literature for integrating qualitative evidence syntheses into health guideline development,” Res. Synth. Methods, vol. 12, no. 4, hal. 491–505, Jul 2021, doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1483.
K. Nishinari dan H. Long, “Food Education for Children,” in Healthy Food for Children, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2025, hal. 113–153. doi: 10.1007/978-981-96-8512-7_5.
K. K. B. P. M. dan K. R. Indonesia, “Pemerintah Siapkan Strategi Baru PAUD HI 2025-2029.” 3 Juli 2026. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://www.kemenkopmk.go.id/pemerintah-siapkan-strategi-baru-paud-hi-2025-2029
P. R. Indonesia, “Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 12 Tahun 2025 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional Tahun 2025-2029.” 1 Juni 2025. [Daring]. Tersedia pada: https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/314638/perpres-no-12-tahun-2025
N. M. Lowe, P. Qualter, J. K. Sinclair, S. Gupta, dan M. Zaman, “School Feeding to Improve Cognitive Performance in Disadvantaged Children: A 3-Arm Parallel Controlled Trial in Northwest Pakistan,” Nutrients, vol. 15, no. 7, hal. 1768, Apr 2023, doi: 10.3390/nu15071768.
R. Nida dan D. D. P. Sari, “School Meals Program and Its Impact Towards Student’s Cognitive Achievement,” J. Econ. Res. Soc. Sci., vol. 7, no. 1, hal. 69–80, Feb 2023, doi: 10.18196/jerss.v7i1.17014.
L. Schultz et al., “The SABER School Feeding policy tool: a 10-year analysis of its use by countries in developing policies for their national school meals programs,” Front. Public Heal., vol. 12, Jul 2024, doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1337600.