Memahami Peran Ortografi pada Perkembangan Literasi Membaca Anak Usia Dini : Perspektif Tinjauan Sistematis
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Abstract
Perbedaan karakteristik ortografi pada setiap bahasa menyebabkan proses pemerolehan literasi berkembang melalui mekanisme yang berbeda, sehingga pemahaman mengenai peran ortografi menjadi penting dalam menentukan strategi pembelajaran membaca yang sesuai. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran karakteristik ortografi terhadap perkembangan literasi membaca anak usia dini melalui tinjauan literatur sistematis. Kajian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review (SLR) dengan mengacu pada pedoman PRISMA. Literatur diperoleh dari berbagai basis data ilmiah bereputasi yang dipublikasikan pada periode 2016–2026 dan diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi serta eksklusi, sehingga diperoleh 29 artikel yang relevan untuk dianalisis. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa transfaransi ortografi berperan dalam perkembangan kesadaran fonologis, pengenalan huruf, penguasaan suku kata, serta kelancaran membaca permulaan. Pada bahasa dengan ortografi transfaran, termasuk bahasa Indonesia, pendekatan pembelajaran yang menekankan pengenalan suku kata dan hubungan grafem–fonem lebih sesuai dibandingkan pendekatan yang secara langsung berfokus pada fonem. Selain itu, kemampuan ortografis, kesadaran fonologis, dan pengetahuan huruf ditemukan sebagai prediktor utama keberhasilan literasi membaca awal. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa karakteristik ortografi perlu dipertimbangkan sebagai dasar dalam merancang strategi pembelajaran membaca yang sesuai dengan struktur bahasa dan tahap perkembangan anak usia dini.
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